(July 1994)
The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is a competition for students with
the aim of promoting international contacts in chemistry at secondary school
level. It is intended to stimulate the activities of students interested in
chemistry by way of independent and creative solving of chemical problems. The
IChO competitions help to enhance friendly relations among young people from
different countries; they encourage cooperation and international
understanding.
The IChO is organized every year at the beginning of July in one of the
participating countries by the Education Ministry or another appropriate
institution of the organizing country (hereafter referred to as the organizer).
The organizer is obliged to ensure equal participation of all the delegations,
and to invite all countries participating in previous IChO competitions.
Additionally, it has the right to invite other countries on agreement with the
organizers of two forthcoming IChOs. A country must send observers to two
consecutive Olympiads before it can participate in an IChO. The invitation to
participate in the forthcoming IChO should be sent to countries by the November
preceeding the competition and must contain information concerning the place
and dates of the competition. The invited countries must confirm their
participation in the IChO by the end of the following January.
Each participating country's delegation consists of four competitors and two
accompanying persons (also known as mentors). The competitors must be students
of secondary school age, who have not specialized in chemistry. The
competitors must be passport holders of the country they represent or they took
part in the educational system of this country for more than one academic year.
All participating students in the competition must be under the age of 20 at
the 1. July in the year of the competition.
Training or any other special instruction, that is carried out for a selected
group, of 50 or fewer, containing the IChO team must be no longer than two
weeks.
The mentors act as members of the International Jury (see section 4). One
mentor is designated as the head of delegation. Mentors must be capable of
translating the text of competition tasks from English into the mother tongue
of the students and be able to judge the set of tasks and correct the work of
their students.
At the discretion of the organizers, countries may include one observer in
their delegation. Countries that are invited by the organizer, and intend to
take part in future Olympiads, may send one observer.
The International Jury consists of the Chair, the Secretary of the IChO and the
two mentors from the individual delegations. The Chair is nominated by the
organizer. The Chair calls and chairs the meeting of the International Jury.
Resolutions are passed by the International Jury when they are agreed by a
single majority of votes in the presence of at least 75% of the Jury members.
Each participating country has one vote. The Chair has a casting vote in the
event of a tie. The decisions of the International Jury are binding.
The long term work involved in organizing the Olympiads is coordinated by the
Secretariat of the International Chemistry Olympiad, which is headed by the
Secretary of the IChO. The Secretariat reports to the International Jury and
has no right to make any decisions. The seat of the Secretariat is in the
country where the Secretary is resident until decided otherwise by the
International Jury.
The International Jury elects members of the Steering Committee of the IChO.
The Steering Committee provides organizational oversight for the IChO and
proposes items for consideration at the jury sessions. The Steering Committee
has no right to make any decisions about the IChO.
There are three ex-
officio
members of the Steering Committee: Chair of the current IChO; Chair of the
immediate past IChO; Chair of the immediate future IChO.
The Committee consists of following elected members: The IChO secretary (to
serve for a three year term); representatives of variety of geographical areas
to serve a two year term (3 from Europe, 1 from Americas, 1 from Pacific Rim);
and 1 -
3 members to be selected by the Steering Committee for their particular
expertise for periods of one year. Members are elected (for no more than two
consecutive terms) by full jury vote. The Steering Committee elects its own
Chair.
The International Jury may form working groups to solve specific chemistry
related problems of the IChO. This working group should draw its membership
from IChO participating countries and those interested in IChO competitions.
The working groups meet for working sessions and submit the results of the
deliberations to the Steering Committee.
There is an Information Office of IChO, gathering and providing (when
necessary) all the documentation of the IChOs from the very beginning of the
Olympiad to the present. The seat of the Office is in Bratislava, Slovakia.
The International Jury:
- is in charge of the actual competition and its supervision according to
the regulations;
- discusses in advance the competition tasks presented by the organizer,
their solutions and the marking guidelines, gives comments and decides in case
of changes. The members of the International Jury are obliged to maintain a
professional discretion about any relevant information they receive during the
IChO and must not assist any participant;
- supervises the marking of the examination papers and guarantees that all
participants are judged by equal criteria. The members of the International
Jury keep the marking and results secret until proclaimed by the Jury;
- determines the winners and decides on prizes and documents for the
competitors;
- monitors the competition and suggests changes to the regulations,
organization and contents for future IChOs.
The competition consists of two parts. Part one, the practical (experimental)
competition takes place before part two, the theoretical competition. A
working time of four to five hours is allotted for each part. There is at
least one day of rest between the two parts. Competitors receive all the
relevant information written in the language of their choice and are allowed to
write the solutions in that language. Only non-
programmable
pocket calculators may be used for the solution of the tasks.
The safety regulations announced by the organizer are binding for all
participants (see section 13).
The working language of the International Jury is English.
The organizer is responsible for the preparation of competition tasks by
competent experts/authors, who constitute the Scientific Board of the IChO.
They propose the methods of solution and the marking scheme. The tasks, their
solutions and the marking schemes are submitted to the International Jury for
consideration and approval. The authors of the tasks should be present during
the discussion. The Chair of the International Jury may put the Chair of the
Scientific Board in charge of the proceedings when the tasks are considered.
One year in advance of the competition the organizer distributes to all
participating countries a set of about 50 preparatory tasks written in English.
The preparatory tasks must be devised so that students can get a good idea of
the type and difficulty of the competition tasks, including safety aspects (see
section 13 and appendix "B"). According to appendix "C" topics of group 3 must
be covered in the preparatory problems. SI units must be used throughout the
tasks.
A maximum of 60 points is allocated to the theoretical tasks and 40 points to
the practical tasks, making a total of 100 points. Consequential marking
should be used when correcting the tasks so that students are not punished
twice for the same error. The competition tasks are corrected independently by
the authors and by the mentors. The international Jury discusses the results
and decides on the final scores. The organizer retains the original marked
manuscripts.
Official results of the competition and the number of medals awarded are
decided by the International Jury. The number of gold medals awarded is in the
range of 8% to 12%, silver 18% to 22%, and bronze medals 28% to 32% of the
total number of competitors. The exact number of medals is decided by the
International Jury on the basis of an anonymous review of the results.
In addition to the medals other prizes may be awarded. Each participant
receives a certificate of participation. No team classification takes place.
In the awarding ceremony, the non medallists are called in alphabetical order
of the countries.
A "Honourable mention" is awarded to students who do not receive a medal, but
gain full marks for any one problem.
The organizer must provide a complete list of results as a part of the final
report.
The organizer provides:
- the itinerary of the IChO;
- the organisation of the competition following the regulations;
- the medals, certificates and prizes, which are presented at the official
closing ceremony;
- translation and interpreting facilities;
- arrangement for the observance of the safety regulations;
- accident insurance for all participants in connection with the organized
programme;
- the opportunity for the International Jury to inspect the working room and
practical apparatus to be used for the practical tasks before the competition
takes place;
- a printed report on the competition to be distributed not later than six
months after the competition;
- transportation from/to an airport decided by the host country on the day
of arrival and departure.
The participating country covers the return travel costs of the students and
the accompanying persons to the designed airport or to the place at which the
competition is held. All other costs in connection with the organized
programme, including the costs of accommodation and pocket money for all
competitors and members of the International Jury, are covered by the
organizer. The organizer of the next Olympiad may send two observers to the
current IChO with their expenses covered by the host.
During the experimental part, the competitors must wear laboratory coats and
eye protection. The competitors are expected to bring their own laboratory
coats. Other means of protection for laboratory work are provided by the
organizer. Pipetting by mouth is strictly forbidden. When handling liquids,
each student must be provided with a pipette ball or filler.
The use of very toxic substances (designation T+) is strictly forbidden. The
use of toxic substances (designation T) is not recommended, but may be allowed
if special precautions are taken. Substances belonging to the categories R 45,
R 46, R 47 must not be used under any circumstances. (See appendix "B" for
definitions of these categories.)
The organizer shall provide a list of chemicals from which the chemicals used
in practical preparatory and competition tasks will be drawn. The list of
chemicals must include information of the maximum amounts of materials needed
or in the case of solutions their maximum concentrations. Any hazardous
materials on the list must be accompanied by detailed instructions for safe
handling. The list must be provided -
together with the preparatory tasks (see section 8) -
one year in advance.
Each participating country has three months to file a substantiated dissent
concerning the use of a special chemical. Silence indicates acceptance. The
organizer should try to revise the list in order to satisfy any objections.
The final revision of the list will be distributed to the delegation leaders at
the start of the Olympiad.
Detailed recommendations involving students' safety and the handling and
disposal of chemicals can be found in
Appendix A 1: "Safety Rules for Students in the laboratory" and
Appendix A 2: "Safety Rules and Recommendations for the Host Country of the
IChO".
Appendix B contains:
- B 1: Hazard Warning Symbols and Hazard Designations;
- B 2: R-
Ratings
and S-
Provisions:
Nature of special risks (R) and safety advice (S);
- B 3: Explanation of Danger Symbols (for use of chemicals in schools);
- B 4: Basic List of Chemicals.
Those who take part in the competition acknowledge these regulations through
their very participation.
Changes in these regulations can only be made by the International Jury and
require a qualified majority (two thirds of the votes).
These regulations of the IChO were approved by the International Jury in Oslo
(Norway) on July 7, 1994.
"Paracelsus (a middle European medical scientist) recognized as long ago as the
l5th century that all materials are toxic at some level. Only dosage separates
the medicament from the poison (except for sensitization and allergic
reactions). Indeed, practically any substance can be harmful, so there are
also degrees of being safe. A complex relationship exists between a material
and its biological effect in humans that involves considerations of dose (the
amount of a substance to which one is exposed), the length of time of the
exposure, the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, absorption through the
skin), and myriad other factors such as sex, stage in the reproductive cycle,
age, race, and even lifestyle. Because of the many factors influencing
toxicity, all chemicals should be handled with respect for their known or
potential hazards."
The above passage is quoted from the 1985 version of the booklet entitled
Safety in Academic Laboratories, published by the American Chemical Society.
It is the nature of the profession that chemists must deal with chemicals. All
students of chemistry must recognize that hazardous materials cannot be
completely avoided. Chemists must learn to handle all materials in an
appropriate fashion. While it is not expected that all students participating
in the International Chemistry Olympiad know the hazards of every chemical, the
organizers of the competition will assume that all participating students know
the basic safety procedures (as an example of such a safety procedure, the
organizers will assume that students know never to eat, drink or smoke in the
laboratory or taste a chemical).
In addition to the common-
sense
safety considerations to which students should have been previously exposed,
some specific rules, listed below, must also be followed during the Olympiad.
If any question arises concerning safety procedures during the practical exam,
the student should not hesitate to ask the nearest supervisor for direction.
- Eye protection must be worn in the laboratories at all times. If the
student wears contact lenses, full protection goggles must also be worn. Eye
protection will be provided by the host country.
- A laboratory coat is required. Each student will supply this item for
himself/herself.
- Long pants and closed-
toed
shoes are recommended for individual safety. Long hair and loose clothing
should be confined.
- Pipetting by mouth is strictly forbidden. Each student must be provided
with a pipette bulb or pipette filler.
- Specific instructions for handling hazardous materials will be included by
the host country in the procedures of the practical exam. All potentially
dangerous materials will be labelled using the international symbols below.
Each student is responsible for recognizing these symbols and knowing their
meaning (see Appendix B 1, B 2 and B 3).
- Do not indiscriminately dispose chemicals in the sink. Follow all
disposal rules provided by the host country.
Certainly it can be assumed that all students participating in the IChO have at
least modest experience with laboratory safety procedures. However it is the
responsibility of the International Jury and the organizing country to be sure
that the welfare of the students is carefully considered. Reference to the
Safety Rules for Students in the Laboratory will show that the students carry
some of the burden for their own safety. Other safety matters will vary from
year to year, depending on practical tasks. The organizers of these tasks for
the host country are therefore assigned responsibility in the areas listed
below. The organizers are advised to carefully test the practical tasks in
advance to ensure the safety of the experiments. This can best be accomplished
by having students of ability similar to that of IChO participants carry out
the testing.
- Emergency first-
aid
treatment should be available during the practical examination.
- Students must be informed about the proper methods of handling hazardous
materials.
- Specific techniques for handling each hazardous substance should be
included in the written instructions of the practical examination.
- All bottles (containers) containing hazardous substances must be
appropriately labelled using international symbols (see Appendix B 1).
- Chemical disposal instructions should be provided to the students within
the written instructions of the practical examination. Waste collection
containers should be used for the chemicals considered dangerous to the
environment.
- The practical tasks should be designed for appropriate (in other words,
minimum) quantities of materials.
- The laboratory facilities should be chosen with the following in mind:
- Each student should not only have adequate space in which to work, but
should be in safe distance from other students.
- There should be adequate ventilation in the rooms and a sufficient number
of hoods when needed.
- There should be more than one emergency exit for each room.
- Fire extinguishers should be near by.
- Electrical equipment should be situated in an appropriate spot and be of a
safe nature.
- There should be appropriate equipment available for spill clean-
up.
- It is recommended that one supervisor be available for every four students
in the laboratory to adequately ensure safe conditions.
- The organizers should follow international guidelines for the use of
toxic, hazardous or carcinogenic substances in the IChO.
E
Explosive |
O
Oxidising |
|
F+
Highly flammable |
F
Easily flammable |
|
T+
Highly toxic |
T
Toxic |
Xn
Harmful |
C
Corrosive |
Xi
Irritant |
|
Explanation
of danger symbols see Appendix B 3
- R 1
- Explosive when dry.
- R 2
- Risk of explosion by shock friction, fire or other sources of ignition.
- R 3
- Extreme risk of explosion by shock friction, fire or other sources of
ignition.
- R 4
- Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds.
- R 5
- Heating may cause an explosion.
- R 6
- Explosive with or without contact with air.
- R 7
- May cause fire.
- R 8
- Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
- R 9
- Explosive when mixed with combustible material.
- R 10
- Flammable.
- R 11
- Highly flammable.
- R 12
- Extremely flammable.
- R 13
- Extremely flammable liquefied gas.
- R 14
- Reacts violently with water.
- R 15
- Contact with water liberates highly flammable gases.
- R 16
- Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances.
- R 17
- Spontaneously flammable in air.
- R 18
- In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture.
- R 19
- May form explosive peroxides.
- R 20
- Harmful by inhalation.
- R 21
- Harmful in contact with skin.
- R 22
- Harmful if swallowed.
- R 23
- Toxic by inhalation.
- R 24
- Toxic in contact with skin.
- R 25
- Toxic if swallowed.
- R 26
- Very toxic by inhalation.
- R 27
- Very toxic in contact with skin.
- R 28
- Very toxic if swallowed.
- R 29
- Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
- R 30
- Can become highly flammable in use.
- R 31
- Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
- R 32
- Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas.
- R 33
- Danger of cumulative effects.
- R 34
- Causes burns.
- R 35
- Causes severe burns.
- R 36
- Irritating to eyes.
- R 37
- Irritating to respiratory system.
- R 38
- Irritating to skin.
- R 39
- Danger of very serious irreversible effects.
- R 40
- Possible risks of irreversible effects.
- R 41
- Danger of serious eye damage.
- R 42
- May cause sensitization by inhalation.
- R 43
- May cause sensitization by skin contact.
- R 44
- Risk of explosion if heated by occlusion.
- R 45
- May cause cancer.
- R 46
- May cause hereditary damage.
- R 47
- May cause embryo damage.
- R 48
- Danger of chronic damage.
- S 1
- Keep locked up.
- S 2
- Keep out of reach of children.
- S 3
- Keep in a cool place.
- S 4
- Keep away from living quarters.
- S 5
- Keep contents under .... (appropriate liquid to be specified by the
manufacturer).
- S 6
- Keep under .... (inert gas to be specified by the manufacturer).
- S 7
- Keep container tightly closed.
- S 8
- Keep container dry.
- S 9
- Keep container in a well-
ventilated
place.
- S 10
- Keep contents wet.
- S 11
- Avoid contact with air.
- S 12
- Do not keep the container sealed.
- S 13
- Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs.
- S 14
- Keep away from .... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the
manufacturer).
- S 15
- Keep away from heat.
- S 16
- Keep away from sources of ignition -
No smoking.
- S 17
- Keep away from combustible materials.
- S 18
- Handle and open container with care.
- S 20
- When using do not eat or drink.
- S 21
- When using do not smoke.
- S 22
- Do not inhale dust.
- S 23
- Do not inhale gas/fumes/vapour/spray.
- S 24
- Avoid contact with skin.
- S 25
- Avoid contact with eyes.
- S 26
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and
seek medical advice.
- S 27
- Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
- S 28
- After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of (to be specified
by the manufacturer).
- S 29
- Do not empty into drains.
- S 30
- Never add water to this product.
- S 31
- Keep away from explosive materials.
- S 33
- Take precautionary measures against static discharges.
- S 34
- Avoid shock and friction.
- S 35
- This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way.
- S 36
- Wear suitable protective clothing.
- S 37
- Wear suitable gloves.
- S 38
- In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment.
- S 39
- Wear eye/face protection.
- S 40
- To clean the floor and all objects contaminated by this material, use ....
(to be specified by the manufacturer).
- S 41
- In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes.
- S 42
- During fumigation/spraying wear suitable respiratory equipment.
- S 43
- In case of fire, use (indicate in space the precise type of fire-
fighting
equipment. If water increases the risk, add -
Never use water).
- S 44
- If you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the label where possible).
- S 45
- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the
label where possible).
(see B 1)
These are substances which can be caused to explode by exposure to a flame or
which are more sensitive to impact or friction than 1,3-
Dinitrobenzene
(e.g. picrates, organic peroxides). In particular they include substances with R-
ratings
R I -
R 3 (see B 2), designation E.
When using and storing these substances, the S-
provisions
(S 15 -
S 17) must be observed (see B 2).
These are substances which can have a strong exothermic reaction on coming into
contact with other, particularly flammable substances or organic peroxides.
They include in particular substances R 7 to R 9, designation O.
In liquid form, highly flammable substances have an ignition point below 0deg.C
and a boiling point of 35deg.C maximum. They are to be designated by the
danger symbol F+ and the rating R 12.
Substances are easily flammable if they
- can heat up and ignite at normal air temperature without energy supply,
- are easily ignited in solid state by short exposure to a source of
flammation and continue to burn or glow after removal of the latter,
- ignite below 21deg.C in liquid state,
- ignite in gaseous state if mixed with air at 1013 hPa and 20deg.C,
- develop easily flammable gases in dangerous quantities when in contact
with water or damp air,
- ignite if brought into contact with air when in dustlike state. These
substances are to be designated with the danger symbol F and the rating R 11.
Flammable substances have in liquid form an ignition point of 21deg.C to
55deg.C and are to designated with the rating R 10, no danger symbol.
When dealing with highly flammable, easily flammable and flammable liquids,
these may only be heated using sealed electrical heating equipment which is not
in itself a source of flammation. All substances must be heated in such a way
that the dangerous vapours liberated by heating cannot escape into the
atmosphere. This does not apply to fire-
hazardous
substances in small quantities for fire demonstrations.
The regulations laid down by the state fire authorities must be observed.
Legislation applying to chemicals distinguishes three categories of toxicants:
-
-
highly toxic substances (R 26 - R 28), danger symbol T+,
-
-
toxic substances (R 23 - R 25), danger symbol T,
-
-
less toxic substances (R 20 R 22), danger symbol Xn,.
Highly toxic
substances are those which can cause grave acute or chronic health damage or
death almost immediately if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin in
small amounts.
Toxic substances are those which can cause considerable acute or chronic health
damage or death if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin in small
amounts.
Less toxic substances (noxious substances) are those which can cause restricted
health damage if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin.
If highly toxic or toxic substances are produced in the course of an experiment
(e.g. chlorine, hydrogen sulfide), these may only be produced in the quantities
necessary for the experiment. In the case of volatile substances, the
experiment must be conducted under a hood where the gas can be drawn off.
Residue must be appropriately disposed of after the experiment and may on no
account be stored. If the facilities for disposal are not available, the
experiment may not be conducted.
Less toxic substances and preparations may be obtained without a permit. Less
toxic substances are also those which contain a highly toxic or toxic substance
at a level of concentration below that determined by law as the maximum for
classification as noxious. Chlorine water, bromine water and hydrogen sulfide
solution in a concentration of up to 1% may therefore be used in instruction.
Caustic or corrosive substances (R 34, R 35), designation C, are those which
can destroy living materials by their action upon it. Substances are classed
as irritants (R 36 -
R 38), designation Xi, if they cause inflammation -
without being corrosive -
on direct, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membranes.
The relevant safety recommendations (S 22 -
S 28) should be observed.
Substances may not be used for instruction if they have a proven carcinogenic
effect (R 45), if they cause hereditary damage (R 46) or embryo damage (R 47),
or if they are chronically damaging (R 48), particularly those substances
classed as unmistakably carcinogenic. Such substances must be removed from all
school stocks. Storage is not permitted under any circumstances.
Further, substances for which there is a well-
founded
suspicion of carcinogenic potential (R 40) may only be used if corresponding
safety precautions are taken and only in such cases where they cannot be
replaced by less dangerous chemicals.
Acetic acid Hydrochloric acid
Acetic acid anhydride Hydrogen peroxide (aq)
Aluminium Hydroxylamine
Aluminium chloride 2-Hydroxy-naphthalene
Aluminium nitrate Iodine
Aluminium oxide Iron
Aluminium sulfate Iron(II,III) oxide
Amino acids (natural) Iron(II) ammonium sulfate
4-Aminobenzoic acid Iron(II) sulfate
1-Amino-naphthalene Iron(III) chloride
Ammonia (aq) Iron(III) oxide
Ammonium carbonate Lead chloride
Ammonium chloride Lead dioxide
Ammonium nitrate Lead monoxide
Ammonium oxalate Lead nitrate (aq)
Ammonium sulfate Lead oxide (red)
Ammonium thiocyanate Magnesium
Barium chloride Magnesium chloride
Barium hydroxide (aq) Magnesium nitrate
Barium nitrate Magnesium sulfate
Benzaldehyde Manganese dioxide
Benzoic acid Manganese(II) nitrate
Benzophenone Manganese(II) sulfate
Bismuth trichloride Methanal
Bromine (aq) Methanol
Bromocresol green Methyl orange
Bromothymol blue Methyl-2-propanol
Butanone N,N-Dimethyl formamide
Calcium Naphthalene
Calcium carbonate Natural fatty acids
Calcium chloride Nickel chloride
Calcium hydroxide (aq) Nickel sulfate
Calcium nitrate Nitric acid
Calcium sulfate Oxalic acid
Carbon (activated) Phenol
Chromium(III) chloride (aq) Phenolphthalein
Chromium(III) nitrate (aq) Phosphorous pentoxide
Cobalt chloride Phosphoric acid
Copper(I) chloride Phthalic acid anhydride
Copper(I) oxide Potassium aluminium sulfate
Copper(II) chloride Potassium bromate
Copper(II) oxide Potassium chloride
Copper(II) sulfate Potassium chromate (aq)
Cyclohexane Potassium cyanoferrate(II)
Cyclohexanol Potassium cyanoferrate(III)
Cyclohexanone Potassium dichromate (aq)
Cyclohexene Potassium hydrogensulfate
Diethylether Potassium hydroxide
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene Potassium iodate
1,3-Dihydroxybenzene Potassium iodide
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Potassium nitrate
2,4-Dinitrophenyl-hydrazine Potassium orthophosphate
Ethanal Potassium permanganate
1,2-Ethanediol Potassium sodium tartrate
Ethanol Potassium sulfate
Ethyl acetate Potassium sulfite
EDTA (+ indicators) Potassium thiocyanate
Formic acid Propanetriol
Fructose l-Propanol
Glucose 2-Propanol
Propanone Sodium sulfide
Salicylic acid Sodium sulfite
Silver nitrate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Borax)
Silver sulfate Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium acetate Starch
Sodium bromate Strontium nitrate
Sodium bromide Sucrose
Sodium carbonate Sulfur
Sodium chlorate Sulfuric acid
Sodium chlorate(I) (aq) Tartaric acid
Sodium chloride 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-ethane
Sodium fluoride Tin
Sodium hydrogencarbonate Tin(II) chloride
Sodium hydrogensulfite Toluene
Sodium iodide 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Sodium nitrate Urea
Sodium nitrite Xylene
Sodium orthophosphate Zinc
Sodium orthophosphate mono-H Zinc chloride
Sodium orthophosphate di-H Zinc oxide
Sodium oxalate Zinc sulfate
Sodium sulfate
- Group 1:
- These topics are included in the overwhelming majority of secondary school
chemistry programs.
- Group 2:
- These topics are included in a substantial number of secondary school
programs; however, if not covered, it would be expected that the Olympiad level
students from every country would have been introduced to these topics.
- Group 3:
- These topics are not included in the majority of secondary school programs.
For a host nation it is no longer necessary to have preparatory problems on Group
1 and Group 2 topics, although, in the latter case, a listing of the specific
topics of that Group which might be part of the Olympiad Examination is to be
given by the host nation. Any topics in Group 3 which might appear on the Olympiad
Examination must be covered in the preparatory problems.
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