| INORGANIC CHEMISTRY | Group | |
| ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION | ||
| 1 | main groups | 1 |
| 2 | transition metals | 2 |
| 3 | lanthanide and actinide metals | 3 |
| 4 | Pauli exclusion Principle | 1 |
| 5 | Hund's Rule | 1 |
| TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE (MAIN GROUPS) | ||
| 6 | electronegativity | 1 |
| 7 | electron affinity | 2 |
| 8 | first ionization energy | 2 |
| 9 | atomic size | 1 |
| 10 | ionic size | 2 |
| 11 | highest oxidation number | 1 |
| TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (MAIN GROUPS) | ||
| 12 | melting point | 1 |
| 13 | boiling point | 1 |
| 14 | metal character | 1 |
| 15 | magnetic properties | 2 |
| 16 | thermal properties | 3 |
| STRUCTURES | ||
| 17 | metal structures | 3 |
| 18 | ionic crystal structures simple molecular structures with central atom |
3 |
| 19 | exceeding the octet rule | 3 |
| 20 | stereochemistry | 3 |
| NOMENCLATURE | ||
| 21 | main group compounds | 1 |
| 22 | transition metal compounds | 1 |
| 23 | simple metal complexes | 2 |
| 24 | multicenter metal complexes | 3 |
| 25 | coordination number | 1 |
| STOICHIOMETRY | ||
| 26 | balancing equations | 1 |
| 27 | mass and volume relationships | 1 |
| 28 | empirical formula | 1 |
| 29 | Avogadro's number | 1 |
| 30 | concentration calculations | 1 |
| ISOTOPES | ||
| 31 | counting of nucleons | 1 |
| 32 | radioactive decay | 1 |
| 33 | nuclear reaction (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrino) | 2 |
| NATURAL CYCLES | ||
| 34 | nitrogen | 2 |
| 35 | oxygen | 2 |
| 36 | carbon | 2 |
| s-BLOCK | ||
| products of reaction of group I and II metals | ||
| 37 | with water, basicity of the products | 1 |
| 38 | products of reaction of the metals with halogens | 1 |
| 39 | products of reaction of the metals with oxygen | 2 |
| 40 | heavier elements are more reactive | 1 |
| 41 | Li combines with H2 and N2, forming LiH and Li3N | 2 |
| p-BLOCK | ||
| 42 | stoichiometry of simplest nonmetal hydrides | 1 |
| 43 | properties of metal hydrides | 3 |
| 44 | acid/base properties of CH4, NH3, H2S, H2O, HX | 1 |
| 45 | NO reaction with O2 to form NO2 | 1 |
| 46 | equilibrium between NO2 and N2O4 | 1 |
| 47 | products of reaction of NO2 with water | 1 |
| 48 | HNO2 and its salts are reductants | 1 |
| 49 | HNO3 and its salts are oxidants | 1 |
| 50 | N2H4 is a liquid and reductant | 3 |
| 51 | there exists acids like H2N2O2,HN3 | 3 |
| 52 | to remember, what are products of reduction of nitrates
or HNO3 with different metals and reductants |
3 |
| 53 | reaction of Na2S2O3 with iodine | 2 |
| 54 | other thioacids polyacids, peroxoacids
B(III), Al(III), Si(IV), P(V) S(IV), S(VI), O(II), F(I), Cl(I) Cl(III), Cl(V) and Cl(VIII) are normal oxidation states of 2nd and 3rd row elements in compounds |
3 |
| 55 | with halogens and in oxoanions | 1 |
| 56 | compounds of nonmetals with other oxidation states | 3 |
| 57 | the preferred oxidation states are Sn(II), Pb(II), Bi(III) | 2 |
| 58 | products of reactions of nonmetal oxides with water
and stoichiometry of resulting acids |
1 |
| 59 | reactions of halogens with water | 2 |
| 60 | reactivity and oxidizing power of halogens decrease
from F2 to I2 |
1 |
| 61 | differences of chemistry between row 4 and row 3 elements | 3 |
| d-BLOCK | ||
| 62 | common oxidation states of the common d-block metals
are Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mn(II), Mn(IV), Mn(VII), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I), Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), Hg(I), Hg(II) |
1 |
| 63 | colors of the listed common ions in aqueous solution | 2 |
| 64 | other oxidation states and chemistry of other d-block elements | 3 |
| 65 | Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn dissolve in dil HCI;
Cu, Ag, Hg do not dissolve |
1 |
| 66 | products of the dissolution are (2+) cations | 2 |
| 67 | passivation of Cr, Fe (and also Al) | 2 |
| Cr(OH)3 and Zn(OH)2 are amphoteric,
other common hydroxides are not |
1 | |
| 68 | MnO4-, CrO42-,Cr2O72- are strong oxidants | 1 |
| 69 | products of reduction of MnO4- depending on pH | 2 |
| 70 | polyanions other than Cr2O72- | 3 |
| OTHER INORGANIC PROBLEMS | ||
| 71 | industrial production of H2SO4, NH3, Na2CO3, Na, Cl2, NaOH | 1 |
| 72 | chemistry of lanthanides and actinides | 3 |
| 73 | chemistry of noble gases | 3 |
| ORGANIC CHEMISTRY | Group | |
| ALKANES | ||
| 74 | isomers of butane | 1 |
| 75 | naming (IUPAC) | 1 |
| 76 | trends in physical properties | 1 |
| substitution (eg with Cl2) | ||
| 77 | - products | 1 |
| 78 | - free radicals | 2 |
| 79 | - initiation/termination of the chain reaction | 2 |
| 80 | cycloalkanes - names | 1 |
| 81 | - strain in small rings | 2 |
| 82 | - chair/boat conformation | 2 |
| ALKENES | ||
| 83 | planarity | 1 |
| 84 | E/Z (cis/trans) isomerism | 1 |
| 85 | addition of Br2, HBr - products | 1 |
| 86 | - Markovnikoff's rule | 2 |
| 87 | - carbonium ions in addition reaction | 3 |
| 88 | - relative stability of carbonium ions | 3 |
| 89 | - 1,4-addition to alkadienes | 3 |
| ALKYNES | ||
| 90 | linear geometry | 1 |
| 91 | acidity | 2 |
| ARENES | ||
| 92 | formula of benzene | 1 |
| 93 | delocalization of electrons | 1 |
| 94 | stabilisation by resonance | 1 |
| 95 | Huckel (4n+2) rule | 3 |
| 96 | aromaticity of heterocycles | 3 |
| 97 | nomenclature (IUPAC) of heterocycles | 3 |
| 98 | polycyclic aromatic compounds | 3 |
| 99 | effect of first substituent: - on reactivity | 2 |
| 100 | - on direction of substitution | 2 |
| 101 | explanation of substituent effects | 2 |
| HALOGEN COMPOUNDS | ||
| 102 | hydrolysis reactions | 2 |
| 103 | exchange of halogens | 3 |
| 104 | reactivity (primary vs secondary vs tertiary) | 2 |
| 105 | ionic mechanism | 2 |
| 106 | side products (elimination) | 2 |
| 107 | reactivity (aliphatic vs aromatic) | 2 |
| 108 | Wurtz (RX + Na) reaction | 3 |
| 109 | halogen derivatives & pollution | 3 |
| ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS | ||
| 110 | hydrogen bonding - alcohols vs ethers | 1 |
| 111 | acidity of alcohols vs phenols | 2 |
| 112 | dehydration to alkenes | 1 |
| 113 | dehydration to ethers | 2 |
| 114 | esters with inorganic acids | 2 |
| 115 | iodoform reaction | 2 |
| 116 | reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary: Lucas reagent | 2 |
| 117 | formula of glycerin | 1 |
| CARBONYL COMPOUNDS | ||
| 118 | nomenclature | 1 |
| 119 | keto/enol tautomerism | 2 |
| 120 | preparation - oxidation of alcohols | 1 |
| 121 | - from carbon monoxide | 3 |
| 122 | reactions: - oxidation of aldehydes | 1 |
| 123 | - reduction with Zn metal | 2 |
| 124 | - addition of HCN | 2 |
| 125 | of NaHSO3 | 2 |
| 126 | of NH2OH | 2 |
| 127 | - aldol condensation | 3 |
| 128 | - Cannizzaro (PhCH2OH disproportionation) | 3 |
| 129 | - Grignard reaction | 2 |
| 130 | - Fehling (Cu2O) and Tollens (Ag mirror) | 2 |
| CARBOXYLIC ACIDS | ||
| 131 | inductive effect and strength | 2 |
| 132 | equivalence of oxygen atoms in anions | 2 |
| 133 | preparation: - from esters | 2 |
| 134 | - from nitriles | 2 |
| 135 | products of reaction with alcohols (esters) | 1 |
| 136 | mechanism of esterification | 2 |
| 137 | isotopes in mechanism elucidation | 3 |
| 138 | nomenclature: acid halides | 2 |
| 139 | preparation of acid chlorides | 2 |
| 140 | amides from acid chlorides | 2 |
| 141 | nitriles from acid chlorides | 3 |
| 142 | properties & preparation of anhydrides | 2 |
| 143 | oxalic acid: name and formula | 1 |
| 144 | multifunctional acids | 2 |
| 145 | optical activity (eg. lactic acid) | 2 |
| 146 | R/S nomenclature | 3 |
| 147 | plant vs animal fats - differences | 2 |
| NITROGEN COMPOUNDS | ||
| 148 | amines are basic | 1 |
| 149 | comparing aliphatic vs aromatic | 2 |
| 150 | names: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary | 2 |
| 151 | identification of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary in laboratory | 3 |
| preparation of amines | ||
| 152 | - from halogen compounds | 2 |
| 153 | - from nitro compounds (PhNH2 from PhNO2) | 3 |
| 154 | - from amides (Hoffmann) | 3 |
| 155 | mechanism of Hoffmann rearrangement in acidic/basic medium | 3 |
| 156 | basicity amines vs amides | 2 |
| diazotation products | ||
| 157 | -of aliphatic amines | 3 |
| 158 | -of aromatic amines | 3 |
| 159 | dyes: color vs structure (chromophore groups) | 3 |
| 160 | nitro compounds: aci/nitro tautomerism | 3 |
| 161 | Beckmann (oxime - amide) rearrangements | 3 |
| SOME LARGE MOLECULES | ||
| 162 | hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups | 2 |
| 163 | micelle structure | 3 |
| 164 | preparation of soaps | 1 |
| products of polymerization of | ||
| 165 | - styrene | 2 |
| 166 | - ethene | 1 |
| 167 | - polyamides | 3 |
| 168 | - phenol + aldehydes | 3 |
| 169 | - polyurethanes | 3 |
| 170 | polymers - cross-linking | 3 |
| 171 | -structures (isotactic etc) | 3 |
| 172 | - chain mechanism of formation | 2 |
| 173 | rubber composition | 3 |
| BIOCHEMISTRY | Group | |
| AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES | ||
| 174 | ionic structure of aminoacids | 1 |
| 175 | isoelectric point | 2 |
| 176 | 20 aminoacids (classification in groups) | 2 |
| 177 | 20 aminoacids (all structures) | 3 |
| 178 | ninhydrin reaction (incl. equation) | 3 |
| 179 | separation by chromatography | 3 |
| 180 | separation by electrophoresis | 3 |
| 181 | peptide linkage | 1 |
| PROTEINS | ||
| 182 | primary structure of proteins | 1 |
| 183 | -S-S-bridges | 3 |
| 184 | sequence analysis | 3 |
| 185 | secondary structures | 3 |
| 186 | details of alpha-helix structure | 3 |
| 187 | tertiary structure | 3 |
| 188 | denaturation by change of pH, temperature, metals, ethanol | 2 |
| 189 | quaternary structure | 3 |
| 190 | separation of proteins (molecule size and solubility) | 3 |
| 191 | metabolism of proteins (general) | 3 |
| 192 | proteolysis | 3 |
| 193 | transamination | 3 |
| 194 | four pathways of catabolism of amino acids | 3 |
| 195 | decarboxylation of amino acids | 3 |
| 196 | urea cycle (only results) | 3 |
| FATTY ACIDS AND FATS | ||
| 197 | IUPAC names from C4 to C18 | 2 |
| 198 | trival names of most important (ca 5) f.acids | 2 |
| 199 | general metabolism of fats | 3 |
| 200 | beta-oxidation of fatty acids (formulas & ATP balance) | 3 |
| 201 | fatty acids & fats anabolism | 3 |
| 202 | phosphoglycerides | 3 |
| 203 | membranes | 3 |
| 204 | active transport | 3 |
| ENZYMES | ||
| 205 | general properties, active centres | 2 |
| 206 | nomenclature, kinetics, coenzymes, function of ATP etc | 3 |
| CARBOHYDRATES | ||
| 207 | glucose and fructose:chain formulas | 2 |
| 208 | - Fischer projections | 2 |
| 209 | - Haworth formulas | 3 |
| 210 | osazones | 3 |
| 211 | maltose as reducing sugar | 2 |
| 212 | difference between starch & cellulose | 2 |
| 213 | difference between alpha- and beta-D glucose | 2 |
| 214 | metabolism from starch to acetyl-CoA | 3 |
| 215 | pathway to lactic acid or to ethanol;catabolism of glucose | 3 |
| 216 | ATP balance for these pathways | 3 |
| 217 | photosynthesis (products only) | 2 |
| 218 | light and dark reaction | 3 |
| 219 | detailed Calvin cycle | 3 |
| KREBS CYCLE AND RESPIRATION CHAIN | ||
| 220 | formation of CO2 in the cycle (no details) | 3 |
| 221 | intermediate compounds in the cycle | 3 |
| 222 | formation of water and ATP (no details) | 3 |
| 223 | FMN and cytochromes | 3 |
| 224 | calculation of ATP amount for 1 mol glucose | 3 |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESES | ||
| 225 | pyrimidine, purine | 2 |
| 226 | nucleosides, nucleotides | 3 |
| 227 | formulas of all pyrimidine and purine bases | 3 |
| 228 | difference between ribose and 2-deoxyribose | 3 |
| 229 | base combination CG and AT | 3 |
| 230 | CG and AT hydrogen bonding structures | 3 |
| 231 | difference between DNA and RNA | 3 |
| 232 | difference between mRNA and tRNA | 3 |
| 233 | hydrolysis of nucleic acids | 3 |
| 234 | semiconservative replication of DNA | 3 |
| 235 | DNA-ligase | 3 |
| 236 | RNA synthesis (transcription) without details | 3 |
| 237 | reverse transcriptase | 3 |
| 238 | use of genetic code | 3 |
| 239 | start and stop codons | 3 |
| 240 | translation steps | 3 |
| OTHER BIOCHEMISTRY | ||
| 241 | hormones, regulation | 3 |
| 242 | hormone feedback | 3 |
| 243 | insulin, glucagon, adrenaline | 3 |
| 244 | mineral metabolism (no details) | 3 |
| 245 | ions in blood | 3 |
| 246 | buffers in blood | 3 |
| 247 | haemoglobin: function & skeleton | 3 |
| 248 | - diagram of oxygen absorption | 3 |
| 249 | steps of clotting the blood | 3 |
| 250 | antigens and antibodies | 3 |
| 251 | blood groups | 3 |
| 252 | acetyl choline structure and functions | 3 |
| INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF DETERMINING STRUCTURE | Group | |
| UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY | ||
| 253 | identification of aromatic compound | 3 |
| 254 | identification of chromophore | 3 |
| MASS SPECTRA | ||
| 255 | recognition of - molecular ion | 3 |
| 256 | - fragments with a help of a table | 3 |
| 257 | - typical isotope distribution | 3 |
| Infrared | ||
| 258 | interpretation using a table of group frequencies | 3 |
| 259 | recognition of hydrogen bonds | 3 |
| 260 | Raman spectroscopy | 3 |
| NMR | ||
| 261 | interpret. of simple spectrum (like ethanol) | 3 |
| 262 | spin-spin coupling | 3 |
| 263 | coupling constants | 3 |
| 264 | identification of o- and p- substituted benzene | 3 |
| 265 | 13C-NMR | 3 |
| X-RAYS | ||
| 266 | Bragg law | 3 |
| 267 | electron density diagrams | 3 |
| 268 | coordination number | 3 |
| 269 | unit cell | 3 |
| 270 | structure of NaCl | 3 |
| 271 | structure of CsCl | 3 |
| 272 | close-packed structures (2 types) | 3 |
| 273 | determining of the Avogadro constant from X-ray data | 3 |
| POLARIMETRY | ||
| 274 | calculation of specific rotation angle | 3 |
| PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY | Group | |
| CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA | ||
| 275 | dynamical model of chemical equilibrium | 1 |
| chemical equilibrium expressed in terms of | ||
| 276 | - relative concentration | 1 |
| 277 | - relative partial pressures | 2 |
| 278 | the relationship between equilibrium constant for
ideal gases expressed in different ways (concentrations, pressures, mole fractions) |
2 |
| 279 | relation of equilibrium constant and standard Gibbs energy | 3 |
| IONIC EQUILIBRIA | ||
| 280 | Arrhenius theory of acids and bases | 1 |
| 281 | Broensted-Lowry theory, conjugated acids & bases | 1 |
| 282 | definition of pH | 1 |
| 283 | ionic product of water | 1 |
| 284 | relation between Ka, and Kb for conjugate acids & bases | 1 |
| 285 | hydrolysis of salts | 1 |
| 286 | solubility product - definition | 1 |
| 287 | calculation of solubility (in water) from solubility product | 1 |
| 288 | calculation of pH for weak acid from Ka | 1 |
| 289 | calculation of pH for 10- 7 mol/dm3 HCI | 2 |
| 290 | calculation of pH for multiprotic acids | 2 |
| 291 | definition of activity coefficient | 2 |
| 292 | definition of ionic strength | 3 |
| 293 | Debye-Hueckel formula | 3 |
| ELECTRODE EQUILIBRIA | ||
| 294 | electromotive force (definition) | 1 |
| 295 | first kind electrodes | 1 |
| 296 | standard electrode potential | 1 |
| 297 | Nernst equation | 2 |
| 298 | second kind electrodes | 2 |
| 299 | relation between [Delta]G and electromotive force | 3 |
| KINETICS OF HOMEGENOUS REACTION | ||
| 300 | factors influencing reaction rate | 1 |
| 301 | rate equation | 1 |
| 302 | rate constant | 1 |
| 303 | order of reaction | 2 |
| 304 | 1st order reactions: time dependence of concentration | 2 |
| 305 | -half life | 2 |
| 306 | - relation between half-life and rate const | 2 |
| 307 | rate-determining step | 2 |
| 308 | molecularity | 2 |
| 309 | Arrhenius equation, activation energy (definition) | 2 |
| 310 | calculation of rate constant for first order reactions | 2 |
| 311 | calculation of rate constant for second, third order reactions | 3 |
| 312 | calculation of activation energy from experimental data | 3 |
| 313 | basic concepts of collision theory | 3 |
| 314 | basic concepts of transition state theory | 3 |
| 315 | opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions | 3 |
| THERMODYNAMICS | ||
| 316 | system and its surroundings | 2 |
| 317 | energy, heat and work | 2 |
| 318 | relation between enthalpy and energy | 2 |
| 319 | heat capacity - definition | 2 |
| 320 | difference between Cp and Cv | 3 |
| 321 | Hess law | 2 |
| 322 | Born-Haber cycle for ionic compounds | 3 |
| 323 | lattice energies - approximate calculations (e.g.Kapustinski equation) |
3 |
| 324 | use of standard formation enthalpies | 2 |
| 325 | heats of solution and solvation | 2 |
| 326 | bond energies - definition and uses | 2 |
| SECOND LAW | ||
| 327 | Entropy - definition (q/T) | 2 |
| 328 | entropy and disorder | 2 |
| 329 | relation S=k ln W | 3 |
| 330 | relation G = H - T S | 2 |
| 331 | [[Delta]]G and directionality of changes | 2 |
| PHASE SYSTEMS | ||
| 332 | ideal gas law | 1 |
| 333 | van der Waals gas law | 3 |
| 334 | definition of partial pressure | 1 |
| 335 | Temp.dependence of the vapour pressure of liquid | 2 |
| 336 | Clausius-Clapeyron equation | 3 |
| 337 | reading phase diagram: triple point | 3 |
| 338 | -critical temperature | 3 |
| 339 | liquid-vapour system (diagram) | 3 |
| 340 | -ideal and nonideal systems | 3 |
| 341 | -use in fractional distillation | 3 |
| 342 | Henry's law | 2 |
| 343 | Raoult's law | 2 |
| 344 | deviations from Raoult law | 3 |
| 345 | Boiling point elevation law | 2 |
| 346 | freezing-point depression, determination of molar mass | 2 |
| 347 | osmotic pressure | 2 |
| 348 | partition coefficient | 3 |
| 349 | solvent extraction | 2 |
| 350 | basic principles of chromatography | 2 |
| OTHER PROBLEMS | Group | |
| ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY | ||
| 351 | using pipette | 1 |
| 352 | using burette | 1 |
| 353 | choice of indicators for acidimetry | 1 |
| 354 | titration curve: pH (strong and weak acid) | 2 |
| 355 | -EMF (redox titration) | 2 |
| 356 | calculation of pH of simple buffer solution | 2 |
| 357 | identification of: Ag+, Ba2+, Cl-, SO42-ions | 1 |
| 358 | - of Al3+, NO2-, NO3-, Bi3+ ions | 2 |
| 359 | - of VO3-, CIO3-, Ti4+ ions | 3 |
| 360 | - using flame test for K, Ca, Sr | 1 |
| 361 | Lambert-Beer-Law | 2 |
| COMPLEXES | ||
| 362 | writing down complexation reactions | 1 |
| 363 | complex formation constants (definition) | 2 |
| 364 | Eg and T2g terms: high and low spin octahedral complexes | 3 |
| 365 | calculation of solubility of AgCl in NH3 (from Ks and ß's) | 3 |
| 366 | cis and trans forms | 3 |
| THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY | ||
| 367 | n, l, m quantum numbers | 2 |
| 368 | energy levels of hydrogen atom (formula) | 2 |
| 369 | shape of p-orbitals | 2 |
| 370 | d orbital stereoconfiguration | 3 |
| 371 | molecular orbital diagram: H2 molecule | 3 |
| 372 | -N2 or O2 molecule | 3 |
| 373 | bond orders in O2 or O2+ or O2- | 3 |
| 374 | Hueckel theory for aromatic compounds | 3 |
| 375 | Lewis acids and bases | 2 |
| 376 | hard and soft Lewis acids | 3 |
| 377 | unpaired electrons and paramagnetism | 2 |
| 378 | square of the wave function and probability | 3 |
| 379 | understanding the simplest Schroedinger equation | 3 |